Wednesday, January 22, 2020
Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act (Amendment) of 1918 Essay
Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act (Amendment) of 1918      On April 2nd 1917, President Woodrow Wilson of the United States of America, went before Congress and called for a declaration of war. Both the House and the Senate voted overwhelmingly in favor of going to war with Germany.?# This was an act that led to much resistance among the American people. Not four months earlier the American people re-elected President Wilson, partly because of his success in keeping the United States out of this European war. However, a series of events, such as the Germans continuing submarine warfare and the attacks on five American ships, led President Wilson to sever diplomatic relations with Germany and send the United States into what would be labeled as World War I. As a result of the war the government enacted the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 which led to the suppression of anti-war documents and sentiments, as well as the prosecution of over two-thousand individuals.#           Despite earlier resistance to the war by the American people, once war was declared patriotism swept over the nation. However, patriotism rose to it?s peak and quickly turned to an intolerance for any kind of dissidence of the war.      With a general intolerance for opponents of the war the government began to repress groups advocating against the war, as did private organizations. One such organization created to suppress anti-war ideals was the Committee on Public Information (CPI). CPI was put in place to provide trustworthy information to the public, as well as stifle any misleading wartime rumors. However, the CPI ended up creating propaganda for the government to distort the views of the American people and worked to destroy and discredit all those who opposed the government?s ideology.           ?The effect of such incessant propaganda was to promote hysterical hatred of all things German.?# Any individual who had the audacity to speak against the war was assaulted either verbal or physically, and on many occasions murdered.      With the ideals of the government on the war growing in the nation, Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917. After a joint session of Congress, where President Wilson reported on relations with Germany, the first of three bills that would create the Espionage Act of 1917, was introduced. The Congr... ...istory.? 2002. PageWise.      (22      November 2004). ?Espionage.? 2000-2004. The War to End All Wars. Michael      Duffy. Original Material. Primary Documents Online.      (22      November 2004). ?Clear and Present Danger? Test. 2004. Exploring      Constitutional Conflicts.      (22 November 2004). ?The U.S. Sedition Act.? 1996. World War I Document Archive.      (22 November 2004). ?The Sedition Act of 1918.? 2003. (22 November 2004). ?Espionage Act.? 2004. Education on the Internet & Teaching      History Online.      (22      November 2004). Stone, Geoffrey. Judge Learned Hand and The Espionage Act      of 1917: A Mystery Unraveled. Schenck v. United States; Baer v. United States. Essential      Documents in American History. 1919. Essential      Documents. ?The Sedition Act of 1918.? 1918. From The United States      Statues at Large.      (22 November 2004). ?Text of The Sedition Act.? 2004. Wikipedia, the Free      Encyclopedia. (22 November      2004). ?The Wilson Administration.? 2002. U.S. History.com.      (22 November      2004). Zinn, Howard. Progressive. May (2004). 16-20.      ?Opposing the War Party?.
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
The President’s National Drug Control Strategy
The National Drug Control Strategy was announced by the Bush administration during the first quarter of 2002. It is believed that the strategy was devised because of the perceived loss of â€Å"the national will to fight against substance abuse. †This perception resulted from a dismal situation recently occurring in the country. For instance, the findings of the â€Å"Monitoring the Future Survey†which was conducted by the University of Michigan showed that 26 out of 100 eight grade pupils admitted to trying illegal drugs at one time or another. In addition to this sad reality, it was observed that many drug dependents in the United States do not get the treatment required to help them get rid of their addiction. Faced with such a grim state of affairs, President Bush declared his belief that â€Å"the time has come to re-energize the national movement against illegal drugs †¦[by making up] lost ground in the fight against drugs by applying the lessons of our recent history – emphasizing a balance between supply and demand reduction effort†(U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). It is clear, therefore, that the President’s intention is not only to reduce the use of illegal drugs in the country by reducing the number of drug dependents, but also to trim down the supply of drugs entering the country. To achieve this twofold objective, the strategy was based on the following principles, namely: â€Å"stopping drug use before it starts; healing America’s drug users; and disrupting the mark et†(U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). The strategy maintains that in the struggle against illegal substances, every citizen has a vital role to play in â€Å"stopping drug use before it starts. †This could be undertaken through education as well as community-wide efforts. Specifically, the strategy emphasizes that everybody should be an advocate for responsible citizenship. In other words, wherever he or she is, e. g. in the home, in schools, in his or her church, or in the place where he or she works, a standard should be set to reaffirm this value. In this connection, every individual should do everything to convince everybody to reject the idea that the decision to use illegal drugs is an individual freedom. In the home, the parents are expected to instill in the minds of their children that illegal drugs is evil and would destroy them and their future. The educators should also teach the same value in schools while church authorities are counted on to preach the devastating effects of drugs (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). To backstop the efforts of schools and the community, the Office of the President granted an additional $10 million to expand the operations of the â€Å"Drug-Free Communities Support Program†of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), aside from creating a â€Å"Parents Drug Corps†with a budget of $5 million (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). In addition, increased funding were also provided to other ONDCP projects, namely: $25 million to the drug testing of students for the year 2003 (a whopping increase of $23 million); $145 million to the anti-drug information efforts of the â€Å"National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign†for its 2005 expansion which would â€Å"include information for teens and parents to promote early intervention against drug use. †The media campaigns are aimed at changing the beliefs prevailing among American teenagers concerning drugs. Meanwhile, the ONDCP said that the additional $10 million budget for the â€Å"Drug-Free Communities Program†would be able to finance an additional 100 community coalitions who would work for the prevention of drug abuse among young Americans, especially in depressed areas of the country (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). The strategy also aims to â€Å"heal America’s drug users. †To accomplish this goal, the budget for the â€Å"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)†for the year 2003 was set at $2. 35 billion, increasing it to $2. 49 billion for 2004, and $2. 4 billion for the year 2005. Of particular interest is the increase of more than $100 million in the 2005 budget of the SAMHSAâ€â€Access to Recovery (ATR) program. According to the ONDCP, this will provide financial assistance to drug dependents who wish to avail of â€Å"clinical treatment or recovery services†on a case-to-case basis (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). Extending additional assistance to drug dependents would be complemented with the creation of â€Å"a new climate of ‘compassionate coercion’†to get drug abusers to enter the government’s treatment programs. Compassionate coercion would be carried out with the help of the criminal justice system and the circle of family and friends of the drug abusers. According to the President’s strategy, it is now time to â€Å"confront drug use – and therefore drug users – honestly and directly†and every effort should be exerted to urge abusers to â€Å"enter and remain in drug treatment†(U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). The drug courts program of the Office of Justice Programs was likewise granted an increase of $32 million from its 2004 budget, raising its 2005 funding to $70. million. According to the strategy, this funding increase would improve the chances of success of the drug court programs by widening the scope as well as increasing the quality of the services provided by drug courts. The strategy explained that the drug court programs are serving as alternative solutions to imprisonment which utilizes the â€Å"coercive power of the court to force abstinence and alter [the] behavior†of drug dependents (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). In other words, under the strategy, the criminal justice system is interested more in treating and rehabilitating drug abusers rather than putting them behind bars. To further enhance the capability of the criminal justice system in the task of treating and rehabilitating drug abusers, the President’s National Drug Control Strategy also increased the budget of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) from $960. 9 million in 2003 to $990. 8 million for 2004 and more than $1 billion for the year 2005. NIDA is the agency which is tasked with conducting research activities concerning the problem, specifically â€Å"on the nature of addiction, development of science-based behavior interventions, medications development, and the rapid translation of research findings into practice. †This initiative clearly spells out one of the most important roles of law enforcement in the drug policy of the president: that of treating and rehabilitating drug dependents (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). Another, equally important role being played by law enforcement in the drug strategy of the president is that of â€Å"disrupting the market and attacking the economic basis of the drug trade,†thereby reducing, if not entirely eliminating, the supply of illegal substance available in or entering the country. For this purpose, at least six government agencies were enlisted, namely: the â€Å"Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA); the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces (OCDETF); the Immigration and Customs Enforcement; and the Department of State†(U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). â€Å"Disrupting the market†means that law enforcement agencies have both domestic and international missions. In the domestic scene, they are tasked not only with arresting drug suppliers and rounding up drug abusers, but also with intensifying the security of our borders to make the entry of drugs more difficult. In the international level, law enforcers are directed to seek out and destroy the supply of drugs in the countries of origin like Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, and other countries (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). The strategy considers reducing or eliminating the supply to be of paramount importance because less supply would mean that the substance would become more expensive and thus less available to Americans. For this reason, law enforcement agencies has been focusing not only on the â€Å"agricultural sources†of these illegal substances but also on their organizational set-ups, the transportation systems of suppliers and distributors, their â€Å"financing mechanisms†and their processing methods. Adequate knowledge of these things would enable American law enforcement agencies to destroy the drugs at source and easily intercept those that producers are able to ship out of their bases of operations (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). The President’s National Drug Control Strategy should be regarded with respect not only because of its awareness of the importance of treating and rehabilitating drug abusers but also because it has correctly pointed out that the complete elimination of the sources of illegal substances is one of the keys to the elimination of the drug problem in the country. The effectiveness of the strategy could be measured in terms of the reduction in the number of drug users and dependents in the country and the reduction or elimination of the supply of illegal substances in the market. Reducing the number of users without eliminating the supply of illegal substances would never be effective since new users and abusers would always crop up.
Monday, January 6, 2020
Planning A Wedding Is Not An Easy Task Essay - 1820 Words
Have you ever wondered how an Olympic Games Opening and closing Ceremony comes to life? Did you join the millions of people across the world who watched as Princess Diana said I do ? Or have you ever stood at, watched an open concert of your favorite artist? Behind all of these and more, event management professionals work tirelessly to create the best experience possible for the guests, the stars, the sponsors stakeholders, and the spectators. Event management is the co-ordination, running and planning of all the people, teams and features that come together to create every kind of event. â€Å"Many people spend more time in planning their wedding than they do in planning the marriage†Zig Zigler, one of the most successful American author once said which is 100% true in today’s context. Planning a wedding is not an easy task. You need to get every detail accurate under any circumstance and not only you but the rest of the family that will be attending the wedding will wait to see what goes wrong and where. The couple’s reputation depends on a well-organized wedding on that day. A well-executed wedding can bring joy to every one including the couple. But a flawed event can create serious trouble in both parties including their parents, family and friends. The festive aspect of a wedding makes the planning even more necessary. If you are meticulous about this, you will guard against the majority of unexpected surprises. Firstly, the atmosphere. Wedding planning should notShow MoreRelatedEssay about Wedding Project Part I1107 Words  | 5 Pages WEDDING PROJECT PART I The Wedding Project Student Name University of Phoenix The Wedding Project One of the most significant days in a persons life is her wedding day! To ensure that such a momentous event goes off without a hitch, appropriate planning is required. 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There Are Varieties Of1452 Words  | 6 Pagestimelines that at one point in time, the wedding industry decided we all ought to accommodate when planning our nuptial celebration. From cake cutting to first dances to garters and bouquets to wedding favors. Let us be real– neither of these things are truly detrimental to the original purpose of this day (for you and your beau to get married!) but they can certainly add an element of fun, especially if they hold significant meaning to you. To make the wedding planning process more focused and meaningfulRead MorePlanning For The Future Of My Life851 Words  | 4 Pagesit. I know that it is easy to say, â€Å"What if I do not get married,†or â€Å"What if do not have kids,†but it is still important to prepare for those types of events, because no one can predict what will happen in their future. For me the biggest events in my life would be marriage, family, and my children going to college. All are very important and very costly especially with today’s financial problems, but if prepared for, it will make my life and others much easier. Planning for Marriage My firstRead MoreMy First Semester At Uw River Falls948 Words  | 4 PagesWe set our wedding date for June 2014. With the lack of class options at UW-River Falls and a wedding to prepare for, I thought I would take off some time from school to get ready. I spent a lot of my time the next year working to pay for the wedding and of cores planning the wedding. I made all of my decorations for our wedding to help cut costs. I also worked a lot at my horse barn I started. I opened Grandview farm in June 2011. I hired a manager to help with the everyday tasks of the business
Saturday, December 28, 2019
The Federal Reserve - 1450 Words
Many Americans are unaware of where their money comes from and who truly owns the money because it sure does not pertain to the American people. What does this mean? Well, every dollar that has ever been printed in Americas history is money that is owed to Americas Central Bank known as the Federal Reserve. Not only does the Federal Reserve have control over the average American citizen but also over; America s upper management reigning from The house of Representatives, The Senate, all the way up to the President of The United States. That being said, the Federal Reserve is an overall negative economic influence and the veil they have been working behind for decades must be brought down. The history of The Federal Reserve goes as far back as the mid-1700s. In 1743 to be exact, there was a goldsmith by the name of Amschel Moses Bower. This Goldsmiths Job was to trade Gold, Silver, and other precious items and exchanged them for a paper currency worth more than the value of the origin al item handed in with an interest rate.(1)That same Goldsmiths Company expanded tremendously under the ruling of his son Mayor Amschel Rothschild. Sir Amschel s son Mayor changed his last name that was influenced from the money lending business passed on to him by his father that was named Red Shield. Which translates to his native German tongue as Rothschild. As business for Mayor Rothschild s progressed from simply lending money to civilians for gold, and otherShow MoreRelatedThe Federal Reserve975 Words  | 4 PagesEnslavement: The History of The Federal Reserve, â€Å"Our monetary ignorance is artificial, a smokescreen that has been erected on purpose and perpetuated with the help of complicated systems and insufferable economic jargon.†(Corbett, J., 2014, July 6.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IJeemTQ7Vk) Federal Reserve For centuries, banks have relied on fractional reserve banking. This is the method in which only a fraction of a bank’s deposits are actually backed by a reserve of cash-on-hand, available forRead MoreThe Federal Reserve1337 Words  | 6 PagesThe Federal Reserve has been around America for more than a century. It has helped America keep a stable central bank, have maximum employment, and many more great advantages. The Fed isn’t just a tiny piece of the puzzle; it has a great deal of importance with the roles it plays in everyday life that not a lot of people know of. With the Fed basically being the bank of every bank in America, it has a lot of responsibility. Over the past one hundred years the Federal Reserve has proven to benefitRead MoreThe Federal Reserve ( Investopedia ) Essay1574 Words  | 7 Pagespowerful monetary system, called the Federal Reserve (Investopedia). It involves one central agency and twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks that are accou ntable for their designated areas in the United States (Investopedia). Its primary purpose was to establish a secure, malleable, and a solid financial system which was to prevent financial devastation during times of crisis (Investopedia). More specifically, prior to the creation of the Federal Reserve Bank, the United States had bouts of crisisRead MoreThe Federal Reserve1187 Words  | 5 PagesJannet Yellen is Chairwoman of the Federal Reserve, and arguably the most influential person in the world. The Federal Reserve is the bank of the United States. The Federal Reserve’s decisions, approved by Jannet Yellen, impact the entire US Economy, the largest and most important economy in the world, almost instantly. The Federal Reserve is quasi-private. It is not apart of the U.S. Government, however, it is not an entirely separate entity. The Federal Reserve was founded in 1913 as a means toRead MoreThe Federal Reserve1484 Words  | 6 PagesThere are many thoughts about the Federal Reserve, some people think it is the biggest thief ever and some other people think that the Illuminati is running the show. Also some people know that the Federal Reserve has saved the economy of the United States a couple of times from depressions. Moreover, economists think that the Federal Reserve saved the U.S. from the most recent depression in 2008. Many people in the U.S. may not know who Alexander Hamilton is; however, any economist or anybody whoRead MoreRole Of The Federal Reserve1210 Words  | 5 PagesRole of Federal Reserve We will begin with real GDP. Real GDP, an acronym for Gross Domestic Product, is the total value of final goods and services during a particular period or year adjusted for price changes. The GDP is an indicator of a country’s economic health. Final goods and services definition is a goods consumed rather than used for further processing. The Real GDP is increased or decreased based Inflation or deflation. Inflation is an increase in the average overall price for goodsRead MoreThe Responsibilities of the Federal Reserve1591 Words  | 6 PagesCongress has handed over the responsibility for monetary to the Federal Reserve, also known as the Fed, but retains oversight responsibilities in order to ensure that the Federal Reserve adheres to the statutory mandate of stable prices, moderate long-term rates of interest, as well as, maximum employment (Labonte, 2014). The responsibilities of the Fed as the country’s central bank are classified into four: monetary policy, supervision of particular types of banks and financial institutions forRead MoreFederal Reserve Essay824 Words  | 4 PagesFederal Reserve The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a calculation that provides insight into the current economy of our nation to allow individuals to understand the current and past year’s standings in the economy. The calculation of the GDP allows for the government to determine what adjustments are necessary to manage an effective status for the economy. Based upon the GDP the government can forecast any necessary changes that must be made to either the monetary policy or the fiscal policy.Read MoreThe Federal Reserve Essay695 Words  | 3 Pagesmain goals of Progressivism: protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement, fostering efficiency, and creating economic reform. President Woodrow Wilson, elected in 1912, made the most important change of the early 1900s; he passed the Federal Reserve Act. American citizens have been wary of a government-controlled banking system since the formation of the country. The people did not trust centralized government action, and they were largely agrarian people, knowing little about the bankingRead MoreThe Duty of the Federal Reserve561 Words  | 2 PagesThe Federal Reserve Act was signed into law on December 23, 1913. Due to a series of financial panics around 1907, the Federal Reserve (also referred to as the â€Å"Fed†) was created by Congress to promote a stable banking system and an active economy. The Federal Reserves’ greatest client and biggest spender is the government of the United States. All proceeds from taxes generated and disbursements are managed through the account that the United States government has set up with the Federal Reserve
Friday, December 20, 2019
Taking a Look at White Collar Crimes - 667 Words
In this research paper that you are about to read you will learn something’s about white collar. You will be learning who coined the term, what it is, and you will also be learning who does it. The term white collar is define as- of or relating to the work done or those who work in an office or other professional environment. It was coined by the late great Edwin Sutherland in 1941. Sutherland said ‘’ white collar is a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation (siegel-337). Let me just give you some examples of a white collar crime, promulgating or misleading advertisements, illegal exploitation of employees, putting bad labels on goods, violating of measures statues etc. ‘’ For many judges and jurors, what goes on in an executive suite may just as well be happening in mars,’’ says University of Illinois law professor Larry Ribstein (ribstein prosecutorial advantages pg. 2). Rib stein is right what goes on in an executive office most of the time doesn’t come out most of the time because most of the corporate executives are selfish greedy and irresponsible. CEO’s make sure their covered they are the most selfish one’s/smart ones cause they don’t get fired most of the time because they cover themselves. ‘’ Signs that banks were either lying about their results or were taking large risks that were not fully disclosed’’ (Gelinas, Nicole pg. 5). Sometimes CEOs have to lie becauseShow MoreRelatedWhite Collar Crimes And Street Crimes1431 Words  | 6 PagesCrimes are one of the many things that all humans have in common. Whether it be a serious crime or not, everyone can commit a crime and go to jail for it. There are two types of crime that can be considered complete opposites of each other. They are white collar crimes and street crimes. White collar crimes are considered nonviolent crimes committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his/her occupation such as fraud, embezzlement, or bribery. On the other hand,Read MoreThe Ford, Firestone, And The Financial Corporations On Wall Street1706 Words  | 7 PagesPBS documentary and the TIME article, describe how the behaviors of corporations, such as Ford, Firestone, and the financial institutions on Wall Street, could or should be understood as crime whether or not they have been prosecuted? How do these activities differ from those involved in â€Å"typical†street crimes? I believe that the behaviors of the Ford, Firestone, and the financial corporations on Wall Street were considered criminal behaviors. There was sufficient evidence against these corporationsRead MoreWhite Collar Crime1488 Words  | 6 PagesWelcome to the age of white collar crime. A time when the words thieves and businessmen go hand in hand. White collar criminals dont get their hands dirty in their work. They use their heads to get what they want instead of using a little muscle. These criminals are just as dangerous as the rapists and murderers. In these times, even the most seemingly respectable people are suspected of white collar crimes. President Clinton and the first lady Hillary Clinton have been tangled up in the WhitewaterRead MoreThe Age Of White Collar Crime1463 Words  | 6 PagesWelcome to the age of white collar crime. A time when the words thieves and businessmen go hand in hand. White collar criminals don’t get their hands dirty in their work. They us e their heads to get what they want instead of using a little muscle. These criminals are just as dangerous as the rapists and murderers. In these times, even the most seemingly respectable people are suspected of white collar crimes. President Clinton and the first lady Hillary Clinton have been tangled up in the WhitewaterRead MoreA White Collar Criminal s Social Position Should Not Determine The Length, Term And Type Of Punishment1522 Words  | 7 PagesInformation Should Set You Free A white-collar criminal’s social position should not determine the length, term and type of punishment. The circumstance and type of white-collar crime should influence state and federal officials on the punishment. Some high profile crimes have been thoroughly planned and taken years or decades to execute. More than likely, the people that have planned and executed these crimes can detect the patterns and signs of similar crimes when presented with information orRead MoreIn The 2002 Film Catch Me If You Can, We Follow Frank Abagnale1228 Words  | 5 Pageslife of Frank Abagnale with some fictional parts putin to create a more engaging movie. White collar crime, social bond theory, and life course criminology are concepts of criminology exemplified throughout the film. White collar crime is exemplified in the film Catch Me If You Can. According to the definition set by Sutherland and agreed upon by Lynch, McGurrin, and Fenwick, white collar crime is â€Å"a crime committed by a person of respectability and high status in the course of his occupation†Read MoreSocial harm929 Words  | 4 Pages between ‘crime’ and ‘social harm’? Throughout the years, the ‘problem of crime’ has been a long debated subject due to its complexity. At some point, it was a matter of different regions, cultures, and particular laws that made it difficult for people to argue whether a certain thing was a crime or not. In spite of this fact, this problem still exists-for example: if, in one country a particular thing can be a right, in another one it can be a crime-such as abortion.Read MoreDefinition of White Collar Crime Essay1160 Words  | 5 Pages White collar crime has many definitions, one of the earlier described it as illegal or unethical acts that violate fiduciary (holding or held in trust) responsibility of public trust committed by an individual or organization, usually during the course of legitimate occupational activity, by persons of high or respectable social status for personal or organizational gain. However, as time went on the definitions and variation of the crimes began expanding and a definition did not describe the actRead MoreFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI Essay550 Words  | 3 Pagesamount of authority to serve and protect. Doing so the FBI has been broken into seven areas to follow the U.S. Constitution. Background Investigations, Civil Rights, Domestic Terrorism, National Foreign Intelligence, Organized Crime/Drug Cases, Violent Crimes, and White Collar Crimes. Given this a large amount of authority even today the FBI sees to it that they base all their actions from the U.S. Constitution. In the area of Background Investigations the FBI manages checks on anyone who applies for positionsRead MorePolice Corruption within XYZ Organization Essay1076 Words  | 5 Pagescontributor to crime, personal decision. By utilizing a blend of the two, I think we are able to see how personal choice and the ramifications of those choices are directly related to each other. The deterrence theory focuses on what deters criminals from making the overt act, while the self-control theory defines what a criminal looks like who does in fact follow through on the act. This two-prong approach provides an answer for both a proactive and reactive response to white-collar crime in general
Thursday, December 12, 2019
Essay about Comparative Politics Example For Students
Essay about Comparative Politics â€Å"Those who only know one country know no country.†– Seymour Martin Lipset. The scholar Guy Swanson once said, â€Å"Thinking without comparison is unthinkable. And, in the absence of comparison, so is all scientific thought and scientific research.†(cited in Ragin, 1992). As such, comparison is necessary for the development of political science. The ‘art of comparing’ can be seen as what experimentation is to most sciences – the principal and most effective way to test theory. (Peters, 1998) This essay seeks to describe the different aspects of the ‘art of comparing’ and also to detail the reasons why the comparative method is a necessary tool in the belt of any political scientist. Comparative politics is one of three main subfields in political science, alongside political theory and international relations. While political theory deals with theoretical issues about democracy, justice et cetera, comparative politics deals with more empirical questions. To use an example cited by Daniele Caramani in ‘Comparative Politics’ (2011), comparative politics is not interested in whether or not participation is good for democracy. It is instead concerned with the way people participate, and why they participate in certain ways. As such, comparative politics can be viewed as empirical and ‘value-free.’ On the other hand, international relations – as the name suggests – looks at interactions between political systems, whereas comparative politics prefers to study interactions within political systems. Again according to Caramani (2011), comparative politics does not ignore external influences on internal structures, but its ultimate concern is power configurations within sovereign systems. The ‘art of comparison’ is a necessary tool in any political scientist’s belt. According to Peter Hall (2001) ‘o respectable department of political science would be without scholars of comparative politics.’ The reasons why all political scientists should use the comparative method can be divided into four strands. The first strand can be summed up in this Rudyard Kipling quote: â€Å"What should they know of England, that only England know?†The art of comparison is necessary because it allows exploration, which is the starting point of all political analysis. To find out about others is to find out about oneself. Comparison allows political scientists to recognise difference, which is essential to understanding these differences. One good example of this comparative exploration is MacAuley’s 1967 ‘Sandino Affair’ (cited in Landman, 2000). This is an account of Sandino’s guerrilla attempt to oust US marines from Nic aragua after a presidential succession crisis, and while it accounts in great detail the events that happened, it is an example of ‘evidence without inference’ (Almond 1996, cited in Landman, 2000) – the author tells the story, but makes no attempt to make sweeping generalisations about the results of US imperialism. The second strand is classification. The art of comparing allows political scientists to group cases into distinct categories with shared, identifiable characteristics, allowing us to identify patterns that will help to understand interactions both between and within political systems. This classification goes back to the work of Aristotle in 350 BC, when the famous philosopher grouped regime types along lines of their form of rule and the people who ruled them. This simple classification is still used in modern politics today, because comparative politics grouped them in a simple, easy to understand way. A more recent example of classification can be found in ‘The History of Government’ (Finer, 1997), in which it is claimed that since 3200 BC, all governments have taken one of four forms: the palace polity, the church polity, the nobility polity or the forum polity. While Aristotle’s classification was imagined using deductive reasoning and then matched to states, and Finer’s theory was decid ed based on empirical observation and inductive reasoning, both scholars seek to describe and simplify a more complex reality by identifying key characteristics. (Landham, 2000). African American History And Culture EssayGlobalisation can also be viewed as a disadvantage of the comparative method. In today’s interconnected world, countries and their political systems are increasingly connected, due to the rise of technology and social media. As such, it can be argued that countries are becoming more and more linked together, making it more difficult to create comparisons between them as they are no longer self contained units of analysis. The ‘art of comparing’ is a necessary part of the toolkit of comparativists and political scientists alike. Comparative method simplifies a complex political landscape and makes it more manageable for those who study political science. A comparative approach to political science brings us into contact with political systems other than our own and expands our political and cultural horizons. The ‘art of comparison’ when used to study of politics also enables us to move beyond mere description of political systems, and allows us to explain identified patterns and make predictions about our world based on the knowledge we have gathered. But on the contrary, no political scientist should forget that any research is vulnerable to personal interests and motivations, including the comparative method. As such, it is necessary to make sure that all research should consist of solely facts, and any conclusions be derived from these facts and be free of any assumptions. When all these conditions are satisfied, the art of comparison becomes a tool that should be utilised by any individual interested in the study of comparative politics. Works Cited 1. Charles C. Ragin, 1992. The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Edition. University of California Press. 2. Daniele Caramani, 2011. Comparative Politics. 2 Edition. Oxford University Press, USA. 3. G. Bingham Powell Jr., 1984. Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability, and Violence (Menil Foundation). Edition. Harvard University Press. 4. Guy B. Peters, 1998. Comparative Politics: Theory and Methods (Comparative Government and Politics). Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. 5. Peter Hall 2004 ‘Beyond the Comparative Method’ ASPA- Comparative Politics Newsletter, 15(2): 1-4 6. S.E. Finer, 1997. The History of Government from the Earliest Times: The Intermediate Ages v.2 (Vol 2). Edition. Oxford University Press. 7. Seymour Martin Lipset, 1996. American Exceptionalism : A Double-Edged Sword (AMERICAN HISTORY, POLITICAL THEORY). Edition. W. W. Norton Company, Incorporated. 8. Todd Landman, 2000. Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics: An Introduction. 0 Edition. Routledge.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
A Day on the Trail with My Dirt Bike Essay Example For Students
A Day on the Trail with My Dirt Bike Essay One summer day I was looking outside, staring at the tall fir trees waving back and forth as the wind blew through the thin branches. It was the perfect day to go ride my dirt bike. Almost an hour had gone by and I finally made my decision if I wanted to ride behind my house. I call my friend and tell him to bring his bike to my house. After I hung up, I raced to get my gear on, my bike fueled up and ready for the ride. Finally, I see my friend roll down my driveway in his truck with his bright blue Yamaha sitting in the bed of his pickup. We quickly got on our bikes and took off towards Green Mountain. The smell of race fuel on a bright, warm, and glimmering summer day is something that I will never forget. Further on the trail, I turn my gopro hero 2 on and begin recording us mess around as we flew through the trails. My heart was racing as the trail began to get narrower and narrower. I glance over to my left to see a sheer cliff that was about 250 feet down. I slam on my brakes as I nearly drift off the ledge. After I caught my breath, I finally see my friend closing up on me. I wave him down so he knows I am taking a small side trail through thick brush. The trail that we have never been on was called the widow maker. It sounds scary and for fact, it is treacherous. After riding a few hundred yards through bushes and fallen trees, we come around the corner to see the hill climb. It was about 380 feet long and made up of boulders, waterfalls and loose gravel. As we sat at the base of the hill, looking straight into the face of the first obstacle, I was thinking if I should attempt it or not. My friend then started pressuring me into doing it. A few minutes has gone by and I decided to go for it. I was hesitating on if I actually should try because we were not near anyone so if I crashed and were injured, we would be in a lot of trouble considering we had no cell phones on us. I put on my goggles and start up my dirt bike. I then shift into second gear and then quickly popping the clutch and start to make my way up the hill. I can hear the sound of my tires spinning on the slippery rocks trying to grip onto something firm. Smoke began filling the sky as I slowly worked my way up to the top. It was a miracle; I can actually see the top of the hill. I think to myself, â€Å"I got this, I will make it. Next thing I know, my bike is launched into the air as I fell backwards. As I slammed onto the rocks, I barely had enough time to roll off to the side so my bike does not squash me like an ant. Smack, my bike hits me and then traps me pinned underneath it wedged up against a rock. I was full of adrenaline and surprisingly managed to push the 220-pound motorcycle off me. Now I fel t like I had the strength of Hercules when he fought off all the monsters trying to kill the gods. After this death-defying encounter with the widow maker, I told myself that I would never try it again. As soon as I got to the bottom to where my friend was sitting in shock that I made it that far up, I tried catching my breath but couldnt because of the adrenaline rushing through my body. We eventually headed back to my house because the light was going down and didnt want to get lost in the trails. That night I just thought to myself how lucky I had been, not having any injuries from the bike landing on me and being able to push it off me. This made me realize that I should probably consider thinking things over before I attempt it.
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